The Black Renaissance And The Great Depression - 971 Words

Throughout history African Americans have not had it easy. Blacks in America have had a long struggle to gain equality and freedom, which still exists to this day. The years 1917 to 1945 were particularly tough for African Americans. Racial discrimination was at a high and segregation laws enforced the idea that blacks were inferior to the whites. African Americans desired to escape the unfair treatment and obtain equal rights, but found themselves stuck. The two World Wars drew African Americans North in search of jobs in the war industry, only to find once they arrived more discrimination and inequality. Events such as the ‘Black Renaissance’ and the Great Depression created a sense of black pride and confidence in African Americans. Together, the African Americans’ frustration towards discrimination and their new sense of solidarity would be the basis for the Civil Rights movement to come in following years. During the early 1900s, most African Americans lived and worked in the South and faced discrimination and racial violence. In April of 1917, the United States entered World War I. Nearly 370,000 African-Americans join the armed forces, with the belief that their display of heroism would make it impossible for whites to continue treating them poorly. It turned out that black soldiers fighting in the war, had no impact on the attitudes of the whites. Upon arriving home from the war, the African American soldiers had a change in attitude. They were now motivated moreShow MoreRelatedThe Harlem Renaissance with Langston Hughes1676 Words   |  7 PagesHarlem Renaissance with Langston Hughes The Harlem Renaissance brought about uniqueness amongst African Americans; everything was new. The visual art, the jazz music, fashion and literature took a cultural spin. During this time writer Langston Hughes seemed to outshine the rest with amazing works. The Harlem Renaissance brought about many great changes. It was a time for expressing the African American culture. It is variously known as the Harlem Renaissance, the Black Literary RenaissanceRead MoreEssay on The Harlem Renaissance1187 Words   |  5 PagesThe Harlem Renaissance The Harlem Renaissance refers to a prolific period of unique works of African-American expression from about the end of World War I to the beginning of the Great Depression. Although it is most commonly associated with the literary works produced during those years, the Harlem Renaissance was much more than a literary movement; similarly, it was not simply a reaction against and criticism of racism. The Harlem Renaissance inspired, cultivated, and, most importantly, legitimatedRead MoreRichard Wright And The Harlem Renaissance752 Words   |  4 PagesHarlem Renaissance that took place in 1920’s. The Harlem Renaissance represented the rebirth of African American culture and showed the unaddressed problems among the black community. During that time, Richard Wright made a name for himself, writing books based on the racism that the black community faced and communism like Black Boy and Native Son. The Harlem Renaissance was a direct influence on Wrights work because he wrote ab out what was going on at that time. More specifically, Black Boy wasRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance850 Words   |  4 Pages Giselle Villanueva History IB Mr. Flores February 7, 2016 Period 4 Word Count: 693 Harlem Renaissance The Harlem Renaissance was the first period in the history of the United States in which a group of black poets, authors, and essayist seized the opportunity to express themselves. The Great Migration was the movement of six million African Americans from the rural South to the cities of the North during 1916 to 1970. Driven from their homes by unsatisfactory economic opportunities and harsh segregationistRead MoreThe New Negro Movement, By Zora Neale Hurston1720 Words   |  7 PagesThe Harlem Renaissance was a time of cultural endeavors of intellectual and artistic African American leaders during the 1920s. It was a manifestation of embracing poetry, literature, music, art, film, fashion and all things synonymous with creativity. It begun during the end of World War 1, in a relatively small section in New York City and ended during the aftermath of The Great Depression. This was by far one of the most influential movements in African American culture. African Americans tookRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance Brought A Great Amount Of Value1184 Words   |  5 PagesThe Harlem Renaissance brought a great amount of value to the African American group. The visual art, the jazz music, fashion and literature changed. During this time writer Langston Hughes shined out with amazing works. The harlem reneisance made It was a time for expressing the African American culture. It has many names other than Harlem Renaissance, such as, the Black Literary Renaissance, or the New Negro Movement. Many famous people began their writing or gained their recognition during thisRead MoreEssay about The Harlem Renaissance1582 Words   |  7 Pages1930’s, the Harlem Renaissance was an important movement for African-Americans all across America. This movement allowed the black culture to be heard and accepted by white citizens. The movement was expressed through art, music, and literature. These things were also the most known, and remembered things of the renaissance. Also t his movement, because of some very strong, moving and inspiring people changed political views for African-Americans. Compared to before, The Harlem Renaissance had major effectsRead More Langston Hughes And The Harlem Essay1201 Words   |  5 Pages The Harlem Renaissance brought about many great changes. It was a time for expressing the African-American culture. Many famous people began their writing or gained their recognition during this time. The Harlem Renaissance took place during the 1920’s and 1930’s. Many things came about during the Harlem Renaissance; things such as jazz and blues, poetry, dance, and musical theater. The African-American way of life became the â€Å"thing.† Many white people came to discover this newest art, dancingRead More The Harlem Renaissance Essay1145 Words   |  5 PagesThe Harlem Renaissance In Harlem between the 1920’s and 1930’s the African American culture flourished, especially in areas such as music, art, literature, dance, and even in film. This soon became known as the Harlem Renaissance. With the entire positive and the negative situations of this time period the African Americans still seemed to have it all. The Harlem Renaissance came about because of the changes that had taken place in the African American community after the abolition of slaveryRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance By Langston Hughes1033 Words   |  5 PagesIn 1920, there was a new movement beginning called the Harlem Renaissance. After World War I, many blacks migrated from the south to up to the north to places like Chicago, Detroit and New York. The people in Harlem felt the racial pride and this caught the attention of many musicians, writers, and artist. The Harlem Renaissance period lasted from 1920 to around 1935. Even though this period was short, it still lives on thou gh all African American artists today. According to Biography.com in the

Current Trends in Reliability and Safety †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Current Trends in Reliability and Safety. Answer: Introduction: Safety is defined as a state where individuals are away or free of hurt, injury, hazard, loss or any undesirable outcomes. In engineering profession, machine safety is an important aspect. The machines are designed to meet specific levels of safety measures and ensure that the operators and engineering workers safety is maintained (Accredited Standards Committee, Safety in Welding and Cutting, American Welding Society, 2012). In addition, the safety measures are able to ensure that productivity through the use of the machines is achieved. For any engineering machines, injuries must be reduced, be made to comply with the specific guidelines and enhance their productivity through keeping their safety measures. This paper will analyze the different aspects of welding machine safety. Protective clothing is one of the important aspect of enhance the safety measures when working with engineering machines. The PPEs, when working with welding machine includes wearing clothing such as safety glasses, ear plugs, wearing face shield, closed-toed shoes, gloves and even non-inflammable long sleeve shirt. Since the safety measures are directly related to the machine operators, safety measures on individuals are key (Chandrasekaran, 2016). That is the main reason beyond proper PPE for the operators of the welding machines to protect them from harm and injuries. The protective gears ensure that operators are well protected and safety is enhanced. Safety in engineering is connected with the right use of the machines. The right use of machines is related to the ability of the operators to understand the use of the machines and their knowledge in operating them. Communication and training of the operators is key to ensure that the safety measures are adhered to (Kumar et al., 2016). The operators must be aware of the welding machines and the way to operate them. Training programs for safe working environment must be done to the workers and the operators. Safeguarding methods for the welding machines is crucial to ensure safety is attained. The safeguarding methods include any physical arrangements which are done to achieve that safety in the working environment. Proper holding of the welding machine and positioning it while under use are some of the safeguarding measures which can be employed on the usage of welding machine. Proper covering of the welding machine is another way to ensure that the safety of the operators is achieved (Timings, 2008). Lastly, arrangement on the minimum distance which other personnel can keep when the welding machine is being used will ensure that the safety of surrounding people is attained. OSHA regulations are able to offer proper machine safeguarding methods for any machine. Creation of potential checklists for the accident areas in the welding area environment is key to ensure that safety if achieved. Proper checklist on the way accidents may occur on welding machine and its usage is the best way to prevent accidents. The checklist will be able to create proper preventive mechanisms and ensure that accidents do not happen (STAPELBERG, 2016). Highlighting the areas where the accidents can occur when using the welding machine will ensure that errors are prevented which can trigger the accidents. The preventive mechanism is regarded as the best safety mechanism in any working place. Environmental risk analysis is another important aspect of enhancing the safety when working with the welding machines. Hazardous energy programs are used to ensure that they perform task analysis and the potential risks associated with the welding activities. The risk analysis in the welding environment will ensure that welding machine operators and those around are safe (Lucic, 2015). This will involve the distances other people can keep away from the welding machine and general arrangement and connections to ensure that the machine is operating safely. Proper demarcation of the area will ensure that people are able to understand the safety measures. Lastly, proper design of the welding machine with proper tools will ensure safe working with the machines. On and off buttons should be well placed and marked to ensure that the operators will be able to understand the machines (Ahmed, 2005). The design steps of the machines should be able to exhibit the safety measures. The designers priority should be safety for the end users of the machines. In conclusion, safety is the priority in any engineering activity. The safety measures starts from the design of the machines to the users and machines operators. The working environment should be enhanced to comply with the OSHA regulations. In addition, the operators need to be equipped with safety knowledge and have protection gears while working. For the welding machine, there are specific PPE which the operators are required to wear while working. All these aspects are guided in ensuring safety of the operators and those around is kept. References Accredited Standards Committee Z49, Safety in Welding and Cutting., American Welding Society. (2012). Safety in welding, cutting, and allied processes. Miami, Fla: American Welding Society. Ahmed, N. (2005). New developments in advanced welding. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Chandrasekaran, S. (2016). Health, safety, and environmental management in offshore and petroleum engineering. Kumar, U., Ahmadi, A., Verma, A. K., Varde, P. (2016). Current Trends in Reliability, Availability, Maintainability and Safety: An Industry Perspective. Lucic, I. (2015). Risk and safety in engineering processes. STAPELBERG, R. U. D. O. L. P. H. F. R. E. D. E. R. I. C. K. (2016). HANDBOOK OF RELIABILITY, AVAILABILITY, MAINTAINABILITY AND SAFETY IN ENGINEERING DESIGN. S.l.: SPRINGER. Timings, R. L. (2008). Fabrication and welding engineering. Oxford: Newnes.

Does Descartes successfully offer a proof for the existence of God in Meditation 3 Essay Example

Does Descartes successfully offer a proof for the existence of God in Meditation 3? Paper Does Descartes successfully offer a cogent evidence for the being of God in Meditation 3? That Descartes’ cogent evidence for the being of God is still being debated today might be taken as grounds of its hardiness as a cogent evidence. This essay will show that this would be an wrong premise. Strictly talking, Descartes does non offer a cogent evidence for God’s being in Meditation III, he offers an maxim, which, though it can take the signifier of a formal cogent evidence, the formal facet of it is merely intended to unclutter the manner for clear and distinguishable perceptual experience of that which is axiomatic: viz. , God’s being. This essay will demo that this maxim is surprisingly robust, if taken on its on footings. The rule statements over Descartes cogent evidences are non inquiries of logic, but of reading: they are statements non over the position of the cogent evidence, but what precisely should travel in Descartes cogent evidence. This essay will take another attack after reexamining Descartes responses to some of these inquiries. It w ill be shown that Descartes does non successfully offer a cogent evidence for the being of God because the impression of clear and distinguishable perceptual experience and the removed methodological individuality that Descartes uses to turn out the cogent evidence is wrong. To understand Descartes statement we must locate it in the footings of the other books of the speculations. Descartes has proved he is a intelligent thing. However, he is tormented by the impression of a God who may be lead oning him. Even though he has asserted that truly certain cognition is come-at-able through intuition and tax write-off, he still can non get the better of the shrewish uncertainty that the metaphysical position of this cognition is false. In order to get the better of the possibility of this fallacious God, he searches for another ( Descartes: 1976:158 ) omnipotent being: I must analyze whether there is a God, for if this non be known, it seems I can neer be wholly certain about anything else. We will write a custom essay sample on Does Descartes successfully offer a proof for the existence of God in Meditation 3? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Does Descartes successfully offer a proof for the existence of God in Meditation 3? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Does Descartes successfully offer a proof for the existence of God in Meditation 3? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer To transport out this scrutiny he relies on the truth of his intuitions, Namely, at the start of book III, he asserts ( ibid: 68-69 ) : Whatever method of cogent evidence I use, I am ever brought back to the fact that it is merely what I clearly and clearly perceive that wholly convinces me. Some of the things I clearly and clearly perceive are obvious to everyone, while others are discovered merely by those who look more closely and look into more carefully ; but one time they have been discovered, the latter are judged to be merely every bit certain as the former. It is this thought of clear and distinguishable perceptual experiences as being true that Descartes uses to turn out the being of God. To make so he uses merely the tools he has antecedently proved: that we are believing things, that the physical universe, if it exists, is mutable, and that assorted thoughts appear before him. Descartes sets out to demo that being can non be separated from God. To make this, he relies on the old medieval differentiation between being and kernel, which holds that we can cognize something without cognizing whether is exists. This differentiation holds for all things apart from God, whose kernel is entirely to be: therefore, Descartes claims, necessary being ( being which is for itself ) is contained in the thought of God. When he combines this with the thought that what I clearly and clearly perceive to be contained in the thought of something is true of that thing, so we can clearly and clearly see that necessary being is contained in the thought of God, and hence, God exists. It is interesting to observe that in the answers Descartes focal points on the relationship between necessary being and God, for he believes if you have merely learned Descartes’ method of concluding it is merely necessary to understand the necessary being refering to a supreme being to intuit him. In this focal point, he argues that there is a conceptual nexus between all signifiers of flawlessness. For case, one can non gestate of an almighty being as other than bing for itself: it must hold necessary being for it depended on something outside of itself it could non be almighty, its being would be possible or contingent. However, for Descartes, the differentiation between kernel and being is merely a rational differentiation that pertains to believe. For case, thought and extension are the kernels of head and organic structure severally, while rational differentiations pertain to properties, it is but a belongings of idea. Thus, for Descartes, the difference between God and other animals is non one of type but of class of being: it is the necessary being of God that marks him out. Along with this statement, Descartes provides a reworking of what is known as the cosmogonic statement. This takes its root from Aristotle’s great concatenation of being. This relies upon a differentiation between formal world, where all thoughts have the same formal world because they all have the same position when they appear in the head, and nonsubjective world. Humans as finite animals have limited nonsubjective world, such that they are dependent existences, as one goes up the concatenation of being, one finds a greater nonsubjective world, and when this alteration ends, we needfully happen God. A concluding statement that Descartes makes, reworked in the answers, is that he has an thought of a perfect being in his head. After separating such an thought from adventitious and factitious thoughts, he concludes it must be unconditioned. In every instance, given clear and distinguishable perceptual experience, there must be at last as much world in cause as there is in consequence. He besides knows that he is imperfect. Given that one is imperfect one can non be responsible for the thought of flawlessness that one has and, given that there much be every bit least as much world in cause as there is in consequence, whatever caused the thought of the perfect being must be perfect. We can comprehend a series of jobs with all these statements. For case, Descartes relies upon clear and distinguishable perceptual experience to intuit godly presence. Yet, it is exactly because Descartes is in metaphysical uncertainty that he requires the presence of God to vouch his perceptual experiences. This therefore seems like an illustration of round logical thinking. One possible declaration to this job is to separate, with Kenny ( 1970:688 ) between psychological uncertainty ( which can be opposed to certain perceptual experiences ) and metaphysical uncertainty ( which can be opposed to the truth of what is clearly perceived ) . In this account, God’s being is proved by psychological clear and distinguishable perceptual experiences, and this being in bend provides the metaphysical warrant for the truth of the perceptual experiences. Such an account emphasises that Descartes theory is a correspondence theory instead than a coherency theory as some recent observers hav e alleged. However, this is non a satisfactory solution to the job. It is non true to state that merely metaphysical propositions pertain to truth: if one clearly and clearly perceives a phenomenon so one believes it to be true. Therefore, the divide between these two types of uncertainty can non be found in their truth content. Kenny suggests a more promising attack is to analyze them as different propositions. For case, while Descartes allows that 2+3=5 might be a error, and he may hold been tricked by a deceiving God, he does non let that it could be incorrect. Descartes could non claim such a thing within his ain theory and intend it. This is to state that psychological propositions are perceptual experiences of peculiar propositions, while God’s being is used to set up the general proposition that whatever I see clearly and clearly is true: the uncertainty that Descartes has of clear and distinguishable perceptual experience is a 2nd order inexplicit uncertainty. Therefore, Descarte s can be seen to turn out God’s being in this instance without being round. There is a farther job nevertheless, with the cosmogonic statement. In Anselm’s first version of the statement, he claims being in built into the supreme being, much as Descartes does. For Anslem, even if he concedes necessary being is conceptually inseparable from God, nil about this proves anything about phenomena in the existent universe. Descartes utilizations clear and distinguishable perceptual experience to get the better of this expostulation: that what one can comprehend clearly and clearly in the existent universe has possible being, and given God’s kernel is bing, he has necessary being. This differentiation is besides used to rebut the treatment of Caterus, who claims that being does non needfully follow from gestating an kernel. For case, we could believe of an bing king of beasts, and it does non follow that it exists. Descartes in the answers responds to this by explicating that if something can be clearly and clearly perceived as a construct it has a pos sible being, but of class it is non necessary that it exists because it does non hold necessary being as God does. Descartes besides relies on this differentiation in his inexplicit response ; in the answers to the ulterior unfavorable judgment made my Kant, that being is neither a belongings nor a predicate. Kant ( 1990 ) argues that there is no difference between 100 thalers and the construct of 100 thalers: when we think of 100 thalers, we think of it really bing. Being is simply the positing of things, and therefore when we say God exists all we are making is stating that God is a thing in the universe, with Russell we could so claim: being decently analyse in a quantifier and non a predicate. However, Descartes even here is resilient. Descartes agrees being does non add anything to something, he can merely answer that Kant ignores the gradient of being ( between contingent to necessary ) we explored earlier. A farther job is how one ascertains what is clearly and clearly perceived. Descartes holds one can non clearly and clearly perceive, for case, that of a square trigon. He justifies this commonalty of human clear and distinguishable perceptual experiences because we all have an unconditioned thought of God, and this God is non a cheat, and therefore it is sensible to presume that everyone has similar thoughts of clear and distinguishable perceptual experience. However, can we state this is true? For if it were to be proved there were no clear and distinguishable perceptual experiences, so we could surely non turn out God’s being. Furthermore, such an analysis would sabotage the Cartesian witting topic who made it possible to believe such a thing. This is exactly the undertaking that Heidegger efforts. He notes ( 1962:48 ) : We the cogito amount Descartes had claimed that he was seting doctrine on a new and steadfast terms. But what he left undetermined when he began in this radical manner was the sort of being which belongs to theRESs cogitans, or – more exactly – the sense of the being of the sum. What Heidegger does is sabotage the thought that the relationship to the universe ( which Descartes considers besides in footings of the relation to God ) is a relationship to a topic to an object by manner of mental significances. This review can be made, briefly given the bounds of the infinite, in five ways. Descartes relies on an apprehension of life that is expressed: 1 must clearly and clearly perceive something for it to be true. Heidegger argues critical contemplation is of import in some state of affairss but should non hold the dominant function it has had in doctrine. As Heidegger ( 1971:55 ) notes: every decision†¦ bases itself on something non mastered, something concealed, confounding ; else it would neer be a decision. That which is most of import to us is non available for critical contemplation: these are exactly the background patterns, the shared cultural significances, that allow for a similarity of understanding about what is clearly and clearly perceived. Y et if something has structured what it is to clearly and clearly perceive, so it could be possible that such perceptual experiences are non the belongings of God: they can non be represented, and therefore one must ever pattern hermeneutics within the hermeneutic circle. Descartes besides requires the head to hold knowing content: we experience ourselves as self-contained topics with mental content and an independent object. Such a divide is necessary for the cogent evidence of God’s being, concerned as it is with turn outing from an innate thought that it has an nonsubjective topographic point. Heidegger argues that this status is an intermediate status that presupposes a more cardinal manner of being-in-the-world, and this being in the universe is non grounded in self-sufficing beginnings but is ever already within the universe. If we understand adult male as within Heidegger’s hermeneutic circle, acted on by a universe as we are moving, it becomes difficult to warrant the methodological individuality that Descartes requires to turn out the being of God. Thus, while we can see his cogent evidence is unusually sophisticated and resilient on its ain footings, and therefore can be thought a successful cogent evidence, it is an wrong cogent evidence as at least one of the premises is wrong. Bibliography: Christofidou, A.Descartes Dualism: Correcting Some Misconceptions.Journal of the History of Philosophy. Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 215-238. Descartes, R. 1984:The Philosophical Writings of Descartes. ( explosive detection systems ) Cottingham, J. A ; Stoothoff, R. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Descartes, R. 1976:Oeuvres.( explosive detection systems. ) Adam, C. A ; Tannery, P. Paris: J. Vrin/CNRS. Des Chene, D.On Laws and Ends: A Response to Hattab and Menn.Positions on Science. Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 144-163. Doney, W. 1955: The Cartesian Circle.Journal of the History of Ideas.Sixteen, pp. 324-338. Frankfurt, H. 1962: Memory and the Cartesian Circle.The Philosophicl Review. Vol. 70, No. 4. , pp. 504-511. Gorham, G. 2002: Cartesian Causing: Continuous, Instantaneous, Overdetermined. Journal of the History of Philosophy. Vol. 40, No. 4, pp. 389-423. Hattab, H. The Problem of Secondary Causation in Descartes: A Response to Des Chene.Positions on Science. Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 93-118. Heidegger, M. 1971:Poetry, Language Thought.New York: Harper and Row. Heidegger, M. 1962:Bing and Time. New York: Harper and Row. Kant, I.1990.Critique of Pure Reason. trans. London: Macmillan. Kenny, A. 1970: The Cartesian Circle and the Eternal Truths.The Journal of Philosophy.Vol. 67, No.19, pp. 685-700. Pessin, A. 2003: Descartes s Nomic Concurrentism: Finite Causation and Divine Concurrence.Journal of the History of Philosophy.Vol. 41, No.1, pp. 25-49. Stoothoff, R. 1989: Descartes’ Dilemma.The Philosophical Quarterly. Vol. 39, No. 156, pp. 294-307.

Rise and Fall of Nazi Officer Franz Stangl

Rise and Fall of Nazi Officer Franz Stangl Franz Stangl, nicknamed The White Death, was an Austrian Nazi who served as director of the Treblinka and Sobibor death camps in Poland during World War II. Under his co-direction, it is estimated that more than 1 million people were gassed and buried in mass graves. After the war, Stangl fled Europe, first to Syria and then to Brazil. In 1967, he was tracked down by Nazi hunter Simon Wiesenthal and extradited to Germany, where he was tried and sentenced to life imprisonment. He died from a heart attack in prison in 1971. Stangl as a Youth Franz Stangl was born in Altmuenster, Austria, on March 26, 1908. As a young man, he worked in textile factories, which would help him find employment later while on the run. He joined two organizations: the Nazi party and the Austrian police. When Germany annexed Austria in 1938, the ambitious young policeman joined the Gestapo and soon impressed his superiors with his cold efficiency and willingness to follow orders. Stangl and Aktion T4 In 1940, Stangl was assigned to Aktion T4, a Nazi program designed to improve the Aryan master race gene pool by weeding out the infirm. Stangl was assigned to the Hartheim Euthanasia Center near Linz, Austria. Germans and Austrian citizens who were deemed unworthy were euthanized, including those born with birth defects, the mentally ill, alcoholics, those with Down’s syndrome and other illnesses. The prevailing theory was that those with defects were draining the resources from society and polluting the Aryan race. At Hartheim, Stangl proved that he had the proper combination of attention to detail, organizational skill and absolute indifference to the suffering of those he deemed inferior. Aktion T4 was eventually suspended after indignation from German and Austrian citizens. Stangl at Sobibor Death Camp After Germany had invaded Poland, the Nazis had to figure out what to do with the millions of Polish Jews, who were considered subhuman according to the racial policy of Nazi Germany. The Nazis built three death camps in eastern Poland: Sobibor, Treblinka, and Belzec. Stangl was assigned as chief administrator of the Sobibor death camp, which was inaugurated in May 1942. Stangl served as camp director until his transfer in August. Trains carrying Jews from all over Eastern Europe arrived at the camp. Train passengers arrived, were systematically stripped, shaved and sent to the gas chambers to die. It is estimated in the three months that Stangl was at Sobibor, 100,000 Jews died under Stangl’s watch. Stangl at Treblinka Death Camp Sobibor was running very smoothly and efficiently, but the Treblinka death camp was not. Stangl was reassigned to Treblinka to make it more efficient. As the Nazi hierarchy had hoped, Stangl turned the inefficient camp around. When he arrived, he found corpses strewn about, little discipline among the soldiers and inefficient killing methods. He ordered the place cleaned up and made the train station attractive so that incoming Jewish passengers would not realize what was going to happen to them until it was too late. He ordered the construction of new, larger gas chambers and raised the killing capacity of Treblinka to an estimated 22,000 per day. He was so good at his job that he was awarded the honor â€Å"Best Camp Commandant in Poland† and awarded the Iron Cross, one of the highest Nazi honors. Stangl Assigned to Italy and Return to Austria Stangl was so efficient at administrating the death camps that he put himself out of work. By the middle of 1943, most of the Jews in Poland were either dead or hiding. The death camps were no longer needed. Anticipating the international outrage to the death camps, the Nazis bulldozed the camps and tried to hide the evidence as best they could. Stangl and other camp leaders like him were sent to the Italian front in 1943; it was hypothesized that it may have been a way to try and kill them off. Stangl survived the battles in  Italy and returned to Austria in 1945, where he stayed until the war ended. Flight to Brazil As an SS officer, the genocidal terror squad of the Nazi Party, Stangl attracted the attention of the Allies after the war and spent two years in an American internment camp. The Americans did not seem to realize who he was. When Austria began to show interest in him in 1947, it was due to his involvement in Aktion T4, not for the horrors that took place in Sobibor and Treblinka. He escaped in 1948 and made his way to Rome, where pro-Nazi bishop Alois Hudal helped him and his friend Gustav Wagner escape. Stangl first went to Damascus, Syria, where he easily found work in a textile factory. He prospered and was able to send for his wife and daughters. In 1951, the family moved to Brazil and settled in So Paulo. Turning up the Heat on Stangl Throughout his travels, Stangl did little to hide his identity. He never used an alias and even registered with the Austrian embassy in Brazil. By the early 1960s, although he felt safe in Brazil, it had to have been clear to Stangl that he was a wanted man. Fellow Nazi Adolf Eichmann was snatched off a Buenos Aires street in 1960 before being taken to Israel, tried and executed. In 1963, Gerhard Bohne, another former officer associated with Aktion T4, was indicted in Germany; he would eventually be extradited from Argentina. In 1964, 11 men who had worked for Stangl at Treblinka were tried and convicted. One of them was Kurt Franz, who had succeeded Stangl as commander of the camp.   Nazi Hunter Wiesenthal on the Chase Simon Wiesenthal, the well-known concentration camp survivor, and Nazi hunter had a long list of Nazi war criminals he  wanted to be brought  to justice, and Stangl’s name was near the top of the list. In 1964, Wiesenthal got a tip  that Stangl was living in Brazil and working at a Volkswagen factory in So Paulo. According to Wiesenthal, one of the tips came from a former Gestapo officer, who demanded to be paid one penny for every Jew killed at Treblinka and Sobibor. Wiesenthal estimated that 700,000 Jews had died in those camps, so the total for the tip came to $7,000, payable if and when Stangl was captured. Wiesenthal eventually paid the informant. Another tip to Wiesenthal concerning Stangl’s whereabouts may have come from Stangl’s former son-in-law. Arrest and Extradition Wiesenthal pressured Germany to issue a request to Brazil for the arrest and extradition of Stangl. On February 28, 1967, the ex-Nazi was arrested in Brazil as he returned from a bar with his adult daughter. In June, Brazilian courts ruled that he should be extradited and shortly thereafter he was put on a plane for West Germany. It took German authorities three years to bring him to trial. He was charged with the deaths of 1.2 million people. Trial and Death Stangl’s trial began on May 13, 1970. The prosecution’s case was well-documented and Stangl did not contest most of the accusations. He instead relied on the same line prosecutors had been hearing since the Nuremberg Trials, that he was only â€Å"following orders.† He was convicted on December 22, 1970, of complicity in the deaths of 900,000 people and sentenced to life in prison. He died of a heart attack in prison on June 28, 1971, about six months after his conviction. Before he died, he gave a long interview to Austrian writer Gitta Sereny. The interview sheds some light on how Stangl was able to commit the atrocities he did. He repeatedly said that his conscience was clear because he had come to see the endless train cars of Jews as nothing more than cargo. He said he did not hate Jews personally but was proud of the organizational work he had done in the camps. In the same interview, he mentioned that his former colleague Gustav Wagner was hiding in Brazil. Later, Wiesenthal would track Wagner down and have him arrested, but the Brazilian government never extradited him.   Unlike some of the other Nazis, Stangl did not appear to relish the killing he oversaw. There are no accounts of him ever murdering anyone personally like fellow camp commander Josef Schwammberger or Auschwitz â€Å"Angel of Death† Josef Mengele. He wore a whip while at the camps, which he apparently seldom used it, although there were very few eyewitnesses who survived the Sobibor and Treblinka camps to verify it. There is no doubt, however, that Stangl’s institutionalized slaughter ended the lives of hundreds of thousands of people. Wiesenthal claimed to have brought 1,100 former Nazis to justice. Stangl was by far the â€Å"biggest fish† that the famous Nazi hunter ever caught. Sources Simon Wiesenthal Archive. Franz Stangl. Walters, Guy. Hunting Evil: the Nazi War Criminals Who Escaped and the Quest to Bring them to Justice. 2010: Broadway Books.

Judicial review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Judicial review - Essay Example In England and Wales the Civil Procedure Rules requires that any claim form in respect of an application for judicial review must be filed within three months from the time that the grounds to make the claim first arose1. Judicial review permits people with sufficient interest in a decision or action by a public body to seek judicial review in respect of the legality of an enactment or a decision and action or failure to act in relation to the exercise of a public function2. Judicial review can be resorted to whenever right of appeal is absent or if all avenues of appeal have been exhausted. In such cases the court may insist upon both the defendant and the claimant to provide evidence for the existence of alternative means of resolving their dispute and as such the court will view such litigation as a last resort and will not issue any premature claims. In Morbaine Limited v First Secretary of State3, the Secretary of State granted planning permission for a large mixed-use development. A petition was filed under the Town and Country Planning Act, in the court to quash that decision4. This means of challenge is available to any person who is aggrieved by such decisions. However Blackburne J dismissed the application holding that the petitioners had no grounds of challenge as it lacks sufficient standing for the purposes of section 288. This decision makes it amply clear that petitioner must have a real or genuine interest in obtaining the relief sought. In R v Enfield London Borough Council5, the council accorded permission for Grade II listed building to be used as offices and for the construction of a nursing home in the premises. The conservation advisory group consented to these proposals. The claimant contended that these decisions were invalid due to the bias inherent among the conservation advisory group members. Richards J accepted this and quashed the

The Iraq War Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Iraq War - Research Paper Example The primary rationale of military intervention in Iraq as was articulated by the joint congress resolution stated that it was necessary to remove the regime of Saddam Hussein because it was developing and had previously used weapons of mass destruction (WWD), supporting and harboring terrorists and was committing serious human rights abuses (Gordon, 156). It was also argued that it was important to change rogue regimes in the Middle East to starve the support for militant Islamic extremists in the region. The U.S led invasion of Iraq however relied on the authority given by the UN Security Council Resolution that required the international community to employ all the necessary means of compelling the then Iraqi regime to comply with the international obligations. Despite the fact that the United Nations Inspectors did not find any prior evidence of WMD, the U.N resolution was nevertheless issues based on the argument by some inspectors that they could not verify the accuracy of the I raqi declarations regarding the weapons in its possession. Preparations for the military intervention in Iraq began as early as 2001 after President Bush highlighted the intention of the U.S government to change the regime of Saddam Hussein. ... 2003, the rhetoric by the Bush administration against the Iraqi regime increased culminating to the February 2003 presentation of evidence of Iraqi WMD program by Colin Powell to the UN Security Council (Gordon, 89). There was however significant dispute within the U.S military intelligence regarding the accuracy of the conclusions that Iraq had stockpiles of weapons of mass destruction. The senate went ahead and approved the joint resolution thereby giving the Bush administration the necessary legal basis to launch the U.S led invasion of Iraq. The resolution reiterated the need to replace Saddam Hussein’s government and promote democratic replacement. Opposition to the Iraqi invasion however increasingly grew after the joint resolution with critics questioning the legitimacy of the invasion and legality of the war. Protests against the Iraqi war were also witnessed in several parts of the United States. In October 2002, the former U.S president Bill Clinton criticized the pl anned war and warned about the potential dangers of such pre-emptive military actions. Dominique De Villepin, the former French Foreign Minister also argued that military intervention was the last solution and should not be carried out. Meanwhile a number of anti war protests were organized in many parts of the world denouncing the decision to wage war against Iraq. The first coalition military operation began in July 2002 when a team of members of CIA special activities division and the Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC) entered Iraq and began making preparations for the invasion by conventional allied forces. Their initial tasks included carrying out reconnaissance missions, identifying targets and persuading Iraqi commanders to surrender rather than opposing the invasion. On March 20,

Cultural History Essay Example for Free

Cultural History Essay Since long time ago, Bra has defined fashion and beauty among women. The history of Bra is linked to social history of the status of women which entails both the evolution of fashion and the changing views of the body of a woman. Since time immemorial, women have used various garments and devices to cover, elevate and restrain the breasts. Over a period of time the emphasis of bras has changed from the functionality point to fashionable point. This fact means that in current period bras are part of fashion of a woman. Origin of the Bra The origin of bra is believed to be in 2500BC worn by the Minoan women who resided in the island of Crete in the ancient Greece. These women used to wear garments that looked like Bra whose aim was to lift up their breast and boost them. Since then, there has been tremendous change in the shape of the breast with different social meanings. Evolution of Bras The evolution of bra starts with the Corsetry which was worn by the Cretan Women. The Cretan woman stood with bare breasts and the waist and hip corset shown above the decorative part of her underwear. The aim of the corset among the Cretan women was as a symbol of beauty and was aimed at showing off the breast. It is believed that bare breast had a cultural and religious significance. Around 450bc, the Greek started wearing a bodice tied above the breasts leaving the breasts naked. This Small band of material was referred to as Apodesme and was introduced after the corsets were prohibited. Apodesme played a functional role as they prevented the breast moving while walking. The bra like structures accompanied with fashionable clothes of that time. In many of the 18th century paintings show ladies wearing free falling, pleated loose dress backs. It was probably developed from the over gown that was worn in the 17th century. Under the pannier dress was perfectly crafted laced stays that were made of many pieces of whale bones. These stays were backstitched by hand and were very beautiful and decorative. The stays supported and raised the breast to a sharp point in the front as well as defining a trim shape. The stays always matched the dress as the bones in these stays were placed laterally across both the back and front shoulder blades to ensure that the front remained straight and an upright back. Although women had clothes that provided support to the breast such as crinolines and bustles in Victorian age, corsets started to reappear in 18th century and this was evident with Edwardian Era. During Edwardian era, Edwardian Corsets started making a big impact in women fashion. Fashion favored mature women as it exploited the curves of a highly corseted shape. The young and the old women laced themselves so tightly that they distorted their figures to get am s shape associated with that period. Health corsets were greatly favored in 1890s and 1900 and were designed with an aim of assisting the women in breathing. Aches Sarraute of Paris designed health corset with an aim of aiding health instead of endangering it. She introduced the straight fronted busk that left thorax free. It was also designed to support and raise the abdomen instead of forcing it downwards. She rightly aimed at reducing pressure on vital female organs dispensed with constricting curves at the waist which was a common feature among all corsets. Corsets after 1907 were straight as women’s obsession on small waist had reduced. The corsets of 1907 achieved a long slim figure. These corsets had had elastic gussets inserts which were supposed to increase the level of comfort. The new longer styles of 1912, corsets increased in length reaching the knees making it difficult for women sitting down. These corsets were designed for beauty purposes as fashion played a major role in their development. During this period, there was a shift of attention from metallic corsets and the concept of bra started to appear. (Workman, 1996) The word Bra was developed and first reported in America copy of Vogue in 1907. The original French name of brassier meant a soldiers arm. The First World War contributed to evolution of bras where women abandoned corsets and started wearing bras. During this period, the term brassier started to appear in high profile women magazines and eventually appeared in Oxford English dictionary in 1912. (Elizabeth, 1976) In 1913, Mary Phelps Jacob, a New York socialite, made a backless brassier from two silk handkerchiefs and some ribbon after discovering that the corsets were too restrictive when a woman was dancing in night clubs. Mary sold her patent to Warner Brother’s corset company for 1500 us dollars. After the year 1918, bras were made of lace bands with straps. The best bras at that time were the Symington side lacer which was a reinforced bodice. The side lacing was aimed at flattening the bust when it was tightened. It was at this time that the term bra changed from brassier. (Elizabeth, 1976) In 1930s the bra became more sophisticated and the home sewn version of bras started to diminish during this period. In 1928, entrepreneur William and Ida Rosenthal developed bra by introducing the cup sizes and bras for all the stages of a woman. Warmers developed the alphabet bra which was made in a set of sizes that were corresponding to alphabetical letters. This is as a result of women gaining interest in the size of their breast and other women breast. The women interest in these types of bra was as a result of aggressive marketing and the changing role of women in the society. During this period, bras became a major industry and there was great improvement in fiber technology, patterns, colors and varieties of the bras. There was increase in innovation such as sized cup, adjustable strap, increased elasticity and padded breast for small sized breast. The marketing of bras during this period targeted the younger women as beauty was an important aspect in them. The desired feature in 1930s was a pointy bust and this further increased demand for a forming garment and bras fitted well for this function. In 1940s, Clothing was determined by the Second World War. During this period, advertisements of clothes were based on patriotism. The highly structured conical pointed bullet bras were used as protection clothes whereby in the military fraternity, the female soldiers were advised to wear them for anatomical support, good taste and for morale. During this period, bra enhanced the concept of the sweater girl. Sweater girls often wore bullets bras which contributed to the development of later brassieres. The war had an impact on the flow of materials as there was shortage of material which resulted into women producing their own bras from parachute silk and old wedding dresses. Commercially manufactured bras were made from minimum amount of material and hence bore the utility mark. This led to the emergence of utility bras. In 1950s, the bras were typical long line stitch and fashion was a major contributing factor towards the development of bras. The long line conical bra gave support silhouette for girls who wanted to be like film stars sweater girls like Jane Russell. The bras got better as use of nylon materials made them more attractive, lighter and easier to wash. Pretty 1960s was a period that was characterized by increased interest of quality and fashion of bras. There was increased demand for maternity and mastectomy bras and increase in the use of washing machines led to increase in preference for durable bras. There was increased marketing promotion such as wearing bras 24 hours a day. This period was marked with cultural changes which represented a great threat to bra market. These counter culture to bra production included civil right movement and feminism which greatly opposed women wearing bras. During this period, there was development in the form of bras which were seamless, flattering and sexy and were more appealing to teenage girls. The invention was referred to as wonderbra invention. These Bras tugged the breast together and pulled them forward and hence they were a means of attraction. They were marketed as a form of luxury. The material used became durable, light weight and elastic. In late 1960s, bra and other feminine emblems became targets of feminist activism. The feminists viewed bras as objects which reduced women as sex objects. Some women started questioning the role of bra and this led to protest against 1968 miss American beauty pageant. For example, Germaine Greer stated that bras were absurd invention aimed at reducing the status of women. In 1968, they were a protest against Miss America beauty pageant by 400 women coming from New York Radical women in Atlantic City convention hall. The demonstration took place after Democratic national convention and the protestors placed bras, high heeled shoes, hairsprays and other beauty apparatus seen as symbols of oppression of women in a freedom trash can placed on the ground. This was a clear sign of protest against bra although no real burning of the bras took place. There was also another protest in 1970 which received wide coverage and was perceived as sexual liberation. This protest although seen by people as breaking of the law was somehow fruitful as many women stopped . This led to some stores such as Berkeley Roos closing Bra department due to poor sales. The protest led to development of ‘no bra’ by Rudi Gernreich in 1964. This bra was light, transparent stretch netting and had a simple shape. The fine layer of foam in the bras made the cups to stand up on the end (Pederson, 2004) The ‘burning of bra’ by feminist led to innovations in fashion industry in order top win back the lost customers. Gossard launched its wonderbra crusade in 1968 which led to introduction of original wonderbra. At first 36C was the top size of this innovatory under wired bra that was a necessity for V neck dresses of late sixties caftans which had ling necks were changed by the cleavage from a wonderbra. In case where one was in need of larger bra, a bra replacement fastener was used as an extender. Inserts of extra lagging or foam rubber could be inserted into small pockets in the wonderbra to increase the fullness where there was no bust. In 1990s, silicon implant scare caused the women to turn to bras as the best option of improving their breast size. The wonderbra became best seller in 1990s. In 1916s there was the presence of bra slips which were common for short skimpy dresses. The return of cleavage was recorded in 1990s . In a blonde ambition tour; Madonna was sported wearing sported ice unguent coned circular sewed cup on her Gaultier corset. Gautier first made designs of breast that were based on the conical breasts of 1980s but received full approval after Madonna used it in a number of her functions and hence sexy lace Bras came back into business. In 1990s there was the introduction of very plain tactel underwear slips which gave a good line beneath dresses making it possible to wear unlined dresses successful without static build up. Bra industry was further promoted during this period by the quest for women who had shed their breast in 1960s to have more figure control especially when wearing the straight sheath dress that were back in fashion. During this period, there was pursuit for cleavage by utilizing water, air and silicone pads and improvement in this development enhanced the sales of fashion companies in 21st century as they put more emphasis on breast management and improvement. The change in fashion trends resulted in different types emerging to suit different fashion needs of women. Cleavage enhancers are types of bras which have a plunging neckline which is important for maximum cleavage. The pads add an additional lift and the bra fully characterize bust hence ideal for low necklines. There are other fashionable bras referred to as Convertible/strapless which go up to five ways on a strapless bra often having molded padded cups that offer support and shape to the breast. They have seam free cups that are not visible under clothes. Bras do not only serve as fashion apparatus but they also play a big role in sports. Sport bras are perfectly constructed to provide a maximum support, compresses the breast and hence minimizing bouncing by the breasts. The material fabric is important in drawing moisture away from the body hence keeping the body comfortable. Silicone bra is a type of bra comes in different sizes from cup size A, B C; D. It does not have any strap. It is flexible and sticks tightly in conformity with the woman’s bust as it has self adhesive coating. It is made from high quality silicon gel. It is easy to wash, it has no strap and occurs in a range of colors and so the user has a wide choice of the colors she desires. This bra can be reused many times after laundering. Push ups and inflatable brassieres is a type of bra introduced in mid 1990s and added major sex appeal to the USA market. It was pioneered in 1960s by Fredricks of Hollywood . The look was classic pieces of soft cup inflated into a cone-shaped point. During this period, Singer and Dancer Madonna played a big role in making this bra to be famous. This bra has undergone much innovation such as volume adjustment systems, pairing of the sleek looking bra with air extricable padding. The bra has a molded cup and wireless lifts. It has a weightless padding which gives the cleavage a slight projection. It has barely three Bralettes. It is found in soft cup, Camisole like sheers as well as lacy under wire creations which exhibit double cleavage of their full cup counterparts. (Steele, 2001) Sex openness among the current time women In 1950s to 1980s feminists played great role in trying to liberate women from oppression by men. They tried as much as they could in transforming the working and business environment to suit women and this resulted in many of them getting jobs and becoming more liberal especially in their sexual lives. In the past, feminists opposed beauty apparatus which they considered as being tools which reduced women as sex objects. This did not get support from all the women as beauty was still valued b women and so they continued using beauty apparatus and fashion determined what they wore. Currently the society has changed greatly and as a result of empowerment, women have become more liberal and hence more open to sixths is depicted by the clothing they put on which more is revealing than in the past years. Also increase in innovation by fashion industries has played a major role as these companies strive hard to market products which are said to make women look sexy. Improved technology especially in the entertainment sector has contributed a lot to women becoming more sexual open as they mostly emulate the lifestyles of the entertainment stars. (Kunzle, 2004) Conclusion Innovation has played a major role in shaping the fashion in different time span. Bra comes out clearly as a major fashion tool and from its evolution, it can be concluded that it has played a central role in women fashion and enhancing beauty among the women. Women have considered fashion as an important aspect in their life and this is evident in the different variety of beauty apparatus they have been having since time immemorial. In the contemporary times, women open sexuality show that women are liberalized and hence free to select any type of lifestyle and clothing to put on. Reference List: Elizabeth, E. , (1976). â€Å"Underwear: A History. † New York, NY: Theatre Arts Books Kunzle, D. , (2004). â€Å"Fashion and Fetishism:† Thrupp, UK: Sutton Publishing Limited Stephanie, P. , (2004) â€Å"Bra: a thousand years of style,† Newton Abbot: David Charles Valerie, S. , (2001). â€Å"The Corset: A Cultural History. † New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Workman, N. , (1996). â€Å"From Victorian to Victoria’s Secret: The Foundations of Modern Erotic Wear. † Journal of Popular Culture. 30. 2, 61-73